Beef Wellington the Capital of New Zeland

Three capitals of New Zealand

Wellington has been the capital of New Zealand since 1865. New Zealand'southward first capital city was Old Russell (Okiato) in 1840–41. Auckland was the second capital from 1841 until 1865, when Parliament was permanently moved to Wellington subsequently an argument that persisted for a decade. As the members of parliament could not concur on the location of a more central majuscule, Wellington was decided on by three Australian commissioners.

Okiato [edit]

Okiato or Sometime Russell is a small holiday spot in the Bay of Islands, 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) south of present-day Russell, which was then known equally Kororareka. Okiato was New Zealand's kickoff national capital, for a short time from 1840 to 1841, before the seat of government was moved to Auckland. William Hobson arrived in New Zealand on 29 January 1840, the engagement now historic as the Auckland Anniversary Twenty-four hour period. On the following day, as Lieutenant-Governor he proclaimed British Sovereignty in New Zealand. 30 January 1840 was the day that the Union Jack was flown on the masthead of the Herald, the transport that brought Hobson to the Bay of islands, and that the flag was saluted by guns.^[one]

A capital city needed to be decided on, and immediately later on the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi on 6 February 1840, Hobson sought advice from those who had been living in New Zealand for some time. The missionary Henry Williams recommended the area around the Waitematā Harbour. William Cornwallis Symonds agreed with that assessment. A week later the signing of the treaty, seven Māori chiefs from Ōrākei on the Waitematā Harbour came to see Hobson and invited him to stay among them. They wanted protection from a rival iwi, the Ngāpuhi, and offered him land in return for living there.^[2] On 21 February, a small political party including Hobson, Williams, Symonds, Captain Joseph Nias, and Felton Mathew left on the Herald to explore the Waitematā; they arrived in that location two days later.^[three] They visited various places, but on 1 March, Hobson suffered a stroke which paralysed one-half of his torso and affected his speech.^[4] Rather than delegate the decision making to his officers, the party returned to the Bay of Islands with the task incomplete.^[5]

Mathew, who was Surveyor General, was and then instructed to study on possible locations for a capital in the Bay of Islands. His initial recommendation was for Kororareka, but there were conflicting land claims and Hobson refused to accept this recommendation every bit he felt that he had insufficient authority to overcome those legal bug.^[6] His second recommendation was Captain James Reddy Clendon's property, as it met the requirements for a good anchorage and firsthand availability of land suitable for subdivision and on-auction to settlers.^[7] Locations such every bit Paihia and Kerikeri were bypassed for various reasons.^[viii]

Pōmare II, the local Māori chief in the 1830s, sold state at Okiato to a British merchant and send possessor, Captain Clendon on vii December 1830 for £28 15s.^[9] Clendon settled there in 1832 and set up a trading station with partner Samuel Stephenson. Clendon became the get-go The states Delegate for New Zealand in 1838 or 1839. Clendon wanted £23,000 for the 380 acres (150 ha) of country, the house, two small cottages, a large store and other buildings. Hobson somewhen agreed with Clendon on £15,000; the agreement was fabricated on 22 March and Hobson took possession in May.^[7] Clendon had but been paid £ane,000 when word was received that Governor George Gipps did not sanction the purchase. Clendon received a further £i,250 and a land grant of 10,000 acres (4,000 ha) at Papakura.^[10]

Hobson changed its name from Okiato to Russell, in honour of the Secretary of Country for the Colonies, Lord John Russell. Hobson and his family moved at that place in May 1840 and officials, troops, workmen and immigrants took up residence in permanent or temporary buildings and tents.^[eight] Mathew drew up ambitious plans for a town,^[viii] but only one of the intended roads was ever built – leading direct from the town hall to the boondocks jail. A yr later Hobson moved the capital to Auckland and most of the Russell (i.east. Okiato) residents moved in that location also. A few officials lived on in the Government House at Russell but when it and the offices burned down in May 1842, they moved to Kororareka leaving Russell virtually deserted.^[viii]

Kororareka was part of the Port of Russell and gradually became known every bit Russell also. In January 1844 Governor Robert FitzRoy officially designated Kororareka as part of the township of Russell. Now the name Russell applies only to the erstwhile Kororareka while Okiato has resumed its original name. There is often confusion betwixt modern-twenty-four hours Russell, Kororareka and Okiato in relation to the original capital: even the historian Michael Rex in The Penguin History of New Zealand—his most notable work and the most commonly-read New Zealand history book—incorrectly names Kororareka as the country'southward get-go capital.^[11]

Auckland [edit]

There is no dubiety that Hobson regarded Russell every bit a temporary capital but.^[12] On 18 April 1840, he sent Mathew on a second journeying s; the Surveyor General was instructed to explore the harbours of Whangarei, Mahurangi, and Waitematā, and to pay item attending to a location on the southern shore of the Waitematā. Mathew spent ii months exploring the various locations and rejected Whangarei and Mahurangi, but besides rejected the site favoured past Hobson that later became known as Hobsonville. In his words, it was "totally unfit for the site of the principal settlement, and indeed sick adjusted for a settlement at all".^[12] Mathew recommended the Panmure Bowl for the settlement, which had numerous advantages, just he conceded that access from the harbour was difficult.^[13]

One time Hobson had regained some wellness, he went south to check Mathew's recommendations. On half-dozen July, he visited Panmure and immediately dismissed it over the hard access by water. Hobson also admitted that his favoured location was impractical. After the party watched a sunset and were impressed by a "lovely aspect of the shore further down the harbour in the aureate glow of the late afternoon", they went ashore at that place the following twenty-four hour period. They agreed that the identify held smashing promise for a future capital; it is believed that they landed at Shelly Embankment in Ponsonby. By the end of the month, the determination was made that the capital would shift to the Waitematā.^[14]

On thirteen September 1840, a barque left Russell for the Waitematā. On board were seven Regime officials, some cabin passengers, and numerous steerage passenger. The party, under the command of Symonds, was to finalise the choice of the hereafter capital, purchase the country off the Maori, erect stores and accommodation buildings, and observe a site for Authorities House. On eighteen September, the land (some iii,000 acres or 1,200 hectares) had been called and an agreement signed with Āpihai Te Kawau and others representing the Ngāti Whātua iwi.^{[fifteen] [16]} A flagstaff was erected on Point Britomart, and Her Majesty'due south health was "about rapturously drunk with cheers long and loud".^[17] Sarah Mathews, the wife of the Surveyor General, recorded in her diary that the name "Auckland" was inscribed in the flag pole, together with the date of the land purchase. This may be regarded as the unofficial naming of the urban center, as the proper noun was first put in writing by Hobson on x November of that year.^[18] George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland was Commencement Lord of the Admiralty. In 1834, he had given a commission to William Hobson to sail for the E Indies on the Rattlesnake, which ended a six-year catamenia without a command and on half pay.^[4] Whilst the proper name was bestowed in gratitude, it certainly met with general blessing, as Lord Auckland was at the top of his fame in 1840 afterward he had been appointed Viceroy of India in 1835.^[xix] Queen Victoria's approving of Auckland as the name for the settlement was published in the New Zealand Gazette on 26 November 1842.^[xix]

Piece of work progressed well in Auckland. Hobson commencement visited Auckland on 17 October 1840 to check on progress, and make up one's mind on the location for Government Firm. He returned to the Bay of Islands, having decided to take up residence in Auckland in the post-obit year.^[20] Authorities Business firm was a kit prepare built in England and shipped out to New Zealand, weighing 250 tonnes (250 long tons; 280 curt tons). It had 16 rooms, was 120 feet (37 k) long, fifty feet (xv m) wide, and 24 feet (7.3 k) high. It was placed on the corner of Hobson and Melt Streets.^[21] The officials and all of government's papers were moved from the Bay of Islands to Auckland in January 1841. Hobson moved into his new residence on 14 March 1841, and with him moving in, the capital had shifted from the Bay of Islands to Auckland.^[21]

The first Supreme Court in New Zealand was built in 1842 on the corner of Queen Street and Victoria Street Due west. The court was presided over by Justice Martin.^[22]

Auckland's third Government House, shown here in the 1860s or 1870s, is today known as Erstwhile Government House

On 23 June 1848, Government Firm burned down during Sir George Grey's tenure as Governor. Nobody came to harm only the building was a full loss.^{[23] [24]} A viceregal residence was then rented for many years (known equally Scoria House and located on Karangahape Road) before the new Government House was built in 1856. Construction of this building was part of Auckland'southward campaign to retain the seat of government, as the word about the capital moving farther southward had already started.^[25] This edifice formally became part of the University of Auckland in 1969, is now known every bit Old Government Business firm, and was registered by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust as a Category I heritage structure in 1983.^[26]

The initial form of government was an executive council formed of public servant appointed by and responsible to the governor. This inverse when the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that granted self-government to the Colony of New Zealand, was received. This allowed for a bicameral General Associates (or Parliament), consisting of the Governor, an appointed Legislative Council and an elected House of Representatives, with an Executive Council nominally appointed by the Governor. Information technology also allowed for provincial governments, and 6 provinces were initially established. The kickoff general election was held in 1853 and Parliament convened in Auckland for its first session, which was opened on 27 May 1854.^[27] On three June, the question of the seat of Parliament was first discussed, with Edward Gibbon Wakefield arguing that the seat of government must be shifted to Wellington.^[28] Travel to and from parliament was arduous, and the members from the far due south had taken ii months to become to Auckland. A more central location was desirable, a movement non supported by the members from Auckland constituencies.^[29] What also did not help was that the General Assembly House had been erected in a bustle and was nothing more than a shell, and members chosen it the "Shedifice". The air current blew through the building, information technology leaked in the rain, and basic civilities like toilets were missing. Congenital on what was then the border of town, it was a building without comforts.^[30]

Arguments over where Parliament should meet were had for a decade.^[29] James FitzGerald, who had briefly pb the country'due south start ministry building, moved that the next session "should be held in a more central position in the colony". He had failed to consult with others beforehand, and many of the southern members were absent when the votes were cast, and the proposal was defeated xiii to 11.^[31] In 1856, a resolution that the next session should be held in Auckland was amended by substituting the phrase "a more primal position" as the location, only the matter was left for the governor to make up one's mind.^[31] Merely a few months later, a proposal for the next session to be convened in Nelson was narrowly defeated. The governor, Thomas Gore Browne, suggested that there could be merit in having alternating meetings in Wellington and Auckland.^[31] Afterward much argument, it was decided to hold the second session of the 3rd Parliament in Wellington, and parliament met from July to September 1862 in the building of the Wellington Provincial Council.^[32] A proposal to make this motility to Wellington permanent was lost by a single vote.^[31] The Wellington Provincial Quango buildings were built in 1858 and were opulent in mode; the stark contrast to the "Shedifice" in Auckland was office of Wellington'south campaign to entice members of parliament to motility the uppercase to their city.^{[33] [30]}

Afterwards the majuscule had moved to Wellington, the Parliament Building was somewhen transferred to the University of Auckland and demolished in 1919.^[34] Government House remained one of the seats for the governor, who alternates between Wellington and Auckland to this twenty-four hour period. Old Government Firm remained in this use until 1969, when Sir Frank and Lady Mappin donated the current Government Firm (Birchlands) that is located in Mount Eden. One-time Government Firm has since been in use by the University of Auckland.^[26]

Wellington [edit]

1867 watercolour of the Wellington Provincial Council Edifice by 50. B. Temple

Post-obit a movement in parliament by Alfred Domett, the 4th Premier, three Australian commissioners were tasked with deciding where the capital should move to. The move asked for the colonial governors of New Due south Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania to appoint one representative of each of those colonies. The appointees were Joseph Docker, a fellow member of the New Due south Wales Legislative Council, Francis Murphy, the Speaker of the Victorian Legislative Assembly, and Ronald Campbell Gunn, a former member of the Tasmanian House of Associates and the Tasmanian Legislative Council.^{[31] [35]} Sir George Grayness appointed the commissioners to fulfil the cursory "that the Seat of Government should be placed in a primal position, that is to say, somewhere upon the shores of Cook'south Straits." The commissioners inspected Wellington, Picton, Queen Charlotte Sound, the Tory Channel, Blenheim, Pelorus Sound, Havelock and Nelson. Their criteria were the fundamental position in New Zealand that was asked for, access by water, land availability, resources in the surrounding country, defence considerations, and whatever natural disadvantages. The commissioners reported their findings in a simple two-page letter, where their master finding was summed up in a single sentence without further elaboration:^[31]

Having thus made themselves acquainted, as far as was practicable, with the character and capabilities of both shores of Melt's Strait, the Commissioners accept arrived at the unanimous determination that Wellington, in Port Nicholson, is the site upon the shores of Cook's Straits which presents the greatest advantages for the administration of the Government of the Colony.

The movement of the capital from Auckland to Wellington was undertaken in 1865, and Wellington has been New Zealand's capital since.^[31] The fifth session of the 3rd Parliament was opened on 26 July 1865 in Wellington, and this date is regarded as the move of the capital letter function to Wellington.^{[36] [37]}

150th ceremony [edit]

The sesquicentennial anniversary of the capital moving to Wellington was celebrated on the weekend of 25 and 26 July 2015. A concert organised past Wellington City Council^[38] was held in forepart of Parliament House and a light show depicting the history of Wellington projected onto the front of the building.^[39] The main act was musician Dave Dobbyn, supported past Wellington's Orpheus Choir. The crowd was addressed past the Speaker of the Business firm, David Carter, and the Mayor of Wellington, Celia Wade-Brown.^[37] Several national organisations, including the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, the Imperial New Zealand Ballet, and the New Zealand Opera, offered gratis performances for the anniversary. Over 30 national institutions opened their collections to the public; this included the Supreme Court, the Reserve Bank, the Katherine Mansfield Birthplace, and the Premier Business firm.^[33]

See also [edit]

• History of New Zealand

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Reed 1955, p. 66.
2. ^ Reed 1955, p. 40.
3. ^ Reed 1955, pp. 40f.
4. ^ ^{a b} Simpson, K. A. "Hobson, William". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry building for Civilisation and Heritage. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
5. ^ Reed 1955, pp. 40–43.
6. ^ Scholefield 1940, p. 71.
7. ^ ^{a b} Scholefield 1940, p. 72.
8. ^ ^{a b c d} King 1992, pp. 26–28.
9. ^ Hanson Turton, Henry. "Opanui Cake, Okiato, Bay of Islands District". Maori Deeds of One-time Private Land Purchases in New Zealand, From the Year 1815 to 1840, with Pre-Emptive and Other Claims . Retrieved 11 July 2015.
10. ^ Reed 1955, p. 83.
11. ^ King 2003, p. 165.
12. ^ ^{a b} Reed 1955, p. 43.
13. ^ Reed 1955, pp. 43f.
14. ^ Reed 1955, p. 45.
15. ^ Reed 1955, pp. 51–54.
16. ^ Pihema, Ani; Kerei, Ruby; Oliver, Steven. "Apihai Te Kawau". Lexicon of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 30 May 2018. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
17. ^ Reed 1955, p. 54.
18. ^ Reed 1955, pp. 54f.
19. ^ ^{a b} Reed 1955, p. 55.
20. ^ Reed 1955, pp. 55f.
21. ^ ^{a b} Reed 1955, p. 58.
22. ^ Reed 1955, p. 67.
23. ^ "Full destruction of Government House past fire". New Zealander. Vol. 4, no. 216. 24 June 1848. p. 3. Retrieved ii December 2019.
24. ^ "Destruction of Government House". Daily Southern Cross. Vol. 3, no. 157. 24 June 1848. p. 2. Retrieved xvi July 2015.
25. ^ "Other Government Houses". Governor-General of New Zealand. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
26. ^ ^{a b} "Regime House (Old)". Register of Celebrated Places. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
27. ^ Sewell 1980, p. 25.
28. ^ Sewell 1980, p. 31.
29. ^ ^{a b} "Auckland beginnings". New Zealand Parliamentary Library. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
30. ^ ^{a b} Martin, John E. (28 March 2012). "History of Parliament'southward buildings and grounds". New Zealand Parliamentary Library. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
31. ^ ^{a b c d eastward f grand} Levine, Stephen (thirteen July 2012). "Capital urban center – A new capital". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 4 May 2015.
32. ^ "Opening of the General Associates at Wellington". Otago Witness. No. 555. 19 July 1862. p. 6. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
33. ^ ^{a b} Eagles, Jim (viii July 2015). "Wellington: A capital anniversary". The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 25 July 2015.
34. ^ "Starting time Parliament buildings". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
35. ^ Cyclopedia Company Limited (1897). "Wellington Provincial District". The Cyclopedia of New Zealand : Wellington Provincial District. Wellington. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
36. ^ "New Zealand Parliament". The Wellington Independent. Vol. XX, no. 2237. 27 July 1865. p. 3. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
37. ^ ^{a b} Wannan, Olivia (25 July 2015). "Wellington every bit capital letter: 'Keep information technology that way'". The Rule Postal service . Retrieved 25 July 2015.
38. ^ Plumb, Simon (26 July 2015). "Wellington celebrates 150th birthday in capital fashion". The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 26 July 2015.
39. ^ "Wellington to gloat 150th milestone in way". The Printing. 9 July 2015. p. A2.

References [edit]

• King, Marie (1992). A Most Noble Anchorage: A Story of Russell and the Bay of Islands. Kerikeri: Northland Historical Publications Society. ISBN0959792619 . Retrieved 12 July 2015.
• King, Michael (2003). The Penguin History of New Zealand. Kerikeri: Penguin Books. ISBN1459623754.
• Reed, A. W. (1955). Auckland, the city of the seas. Wellington: A.H. & A.W. Reed.
• Scholefield, Guy, ed. (1940). A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography : M–Addenda (PDF). Vol. II. Wellington: Department of Internal Affairs. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
• Sewell, Henry (1980). W. David McIntyre (ed.). The Journal of Henry Sewell 1853–vii : Volume 2. Christchurch: Whitcoulls Publishers. ISBN0 7233 0625 7.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_of_New_Zealand

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